Wikipedia

Dinastiya Qing

An Dinastiya Qing (Tsino: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) amo an dinastiya han mga mangulo han Manchuria, Tsina, Mongolya, Taiwan, Tibet ngan Uyguru tikang ha 1644 AD ngadto ha 1912 AD. An dinastiya gintukod han mga Manchu nga an usa nga ngaran amo an Dinastiya Manchu.

Great Qing
大清
Daicing gurun.svg
←
1644–1912 →
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem
《鞏金甌》
"Gong Jin'ou"
("Cup of Solid Gold")
The Qing Empire in late 18th century
Capital Beijing
Languages Mandarin, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, Turki (Modern Uighur),[1] numerous regional languages and varieties of Chinese
Religion Heaven worship, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Islam, Shamanism, others
Government Absolute monarchy
Emperor
 -  1644–1661 Shunzhi Emperor
 -  1908–1912 Xuantong Emperor
Regent
 -  1908–1912 Empress Dowager Longyu
Prime Minister
 -  1911 Yikuang
 -  1911–1912 Yuan Shikai
Historical era Imperial era
 -  Collapse of the Ming 25 April 1644
 -  Battle of Shanhai Pass 27 May 1644
 -  Sino-Japanese War 1 Aug 1894–17 Apr 1895
 -  Xinhai Revolution 10 October 1911
 -  Abdication of Puyi 12 February 1912
Area
 -  1760 est. 13,150,000 km² (5,077,243 sq mi)
 -  1790 est. (incl. vassals)[2] 14,700,000 km² (5,675,702 sq mi)
Population
 -  1740 est. 140,000,000 
 -  1776 est. 268,238,000 
 -  1790 est. 301,000,000 
Currency Cash (wén)

Tael (liǎng)

Today part of
Qing dynasty
Tsino nga ngaran
Tsinino 清朝
Empire of the Great Qing
Minat-an nga Tsinino 大淸帝國
Yinano nga Tsinino 大清帝国
Great Qing State
Minat-an nga Tsinino 大淸國
Yinano nga Tsinino 大清国
Chinese Great Qing State
Minat-an nga Tsinino 中華大淸國
Yinano nga Tsinino 中华大清国
Later Jin
Minat-an nga Tsinino 後金
Yinano nga Tsinino 后金
Batakan:Infobox Tsinino/Manchu

PinanbasaranIgliwat

  1. ↑ Elliott (2001), pp. 290–291.
  2. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of world-systems research. 12 (2): 219–229. ISSN 1076-156X. Ginhipos tikang han orihinal (PDF) han 22 February 2007. Ginkuhà 12 August 2010.

Padugang nga barasahonIgliwat

  • Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991), Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06591-8.
  • Cassel, Pär Kristoffer (2012), Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-979205-4
  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Wiley, ISBN 978-1-55786-560-1.
  • —— (2010), The Wobbling Pivot: China since 1800, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-6079-7.
  • Dvořák, Rudolf (1895), Chinas religionen ..., Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.), Aschendorff (Druck und Verlag der Aschendorffschen Buchhandlung)
  • Ebrey, Patricia (1993), Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (2nd edition ed.), New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-0-02-908752-7.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  • —— (2010), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
  • Elliott, Mark C. (2000), "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies" (PDF), Journal of Asian Studies, 59: 603–646, JSTOR 2658945.
  • —— (2001), The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
  • Elliott, Mark C.; Chia, Ning (2004), "The Qing Hunt at Mulan", ha Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A. (eds.), New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, Routledge, pp. 66–83, ISBN 978-1-134-36222-6.
  • Faure, David (2007), Emperor and Ancestor: State and Lineage in South China, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-5318-0.
  • Hauer, Erich (2007), Corff, Oliver (ed.), Handwörterbuch der Mandschusprache, Volume 12; Volume 15 of Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der nichtchristlichen Religionsgeschichte (illustrated ed.), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447055286
  • Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. (1990), The rise of modern China (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-505867-3.
  • Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895–1919, Leiden: BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-16367-6.
  • Li, Gertraude Roth (2002), "State building before 1644", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, The Cambridge History of China, 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
  • Liu, Kwang-Ching; Smith, Richard J. (1980), "The Military Challenge: The North-west and the Coast", ha Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching (eds.), Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge History of China, 11, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–273, ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.
  • Murphey, Rhoads (2007), East Asia: A New History (4th ed.), Pearson Longman, ISBN 978-0-321-42141-8.
  • Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002), "Economic developments, 1644–1800", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, The Cambridge History of China, 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 563–647, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
  • Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987), Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1.
  • Perdue, Peter C. (2005), China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2.
  • Platt, Stephen R. (2012), Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War, Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-307-27173-0.
  • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3. Paperback edition (2001) ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
  • Reynolds, Douglas Robertson (1993), China, 1898–1912 : The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan, Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University : Distributed by Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-11660-3.
  • Rowe, William T. (2002), "Social stability and social change", ha Peterson, Willard (ed.), The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, The Cambridge History of China, 9, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 473–562, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
  • —— (2009), China's Last Empire: The Great Qing, History of Imperial China, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3.
  • Spence, Jonathan D. (2012), The Search for Modern China (3rd ed.), New York: Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-93451-9.
  • Tejapira, Kasian (2001), "Pigtail: a prehistory of Chineseness in Siam", ha Tong, Chee Kiong; Chan, Kwok B. (eds.), Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand, Singapore: Times Academic Press, pp. 41–66, ISBN 978-981-210-142-6.
  • Têng, Ssu-yü; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1954) [reprint 1979], China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-12025-9.
  • Torbert, Preston M. (1977), The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-12761-6.
  • Wakeman, Frederic (1986), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
  • Wright, Mary Clabaugh (1957), The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862–1874, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-80470475-5.
  • Wu, Shuhui (1995), Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717 - 1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao, Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447037563
  • Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF), Modern China, 32 (1): 3–30, doi:10.1177/0097700405282349, JSTOR 20062627, ginhipos tikang han orihinal (PDF) han 25 March 2014.
  • Bickers, Robert (2011), The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-7139-9749-1.
  • Cotterell, Arthur (2007), The Imperial Capitals of China - An Inside View of the Celestial Empire, London: Pimlico, ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.
  • Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A., eds. (2004), New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-36222-6.
  • Esherick, Joseph; Kayalı, Hasan; Van Young, Eric, eds. (2006), Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-4031-6.
  • Fairbank, John K.; Liu, Kwang-Ching, eds. (1980), Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 2, The Cambridge History of China, 11, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22029-3.
  • Owen, Stephen, "The Qing Dynasty: Period Introduction," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. p. 909-914. ( Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.).
  • Paludan, Ann (1998), Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
  • Peterson, Willard, ed. (2003), The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, The Cambridge History of China, 11, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
  • Rowe, William T. (2009), The Great Qing, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3.
  • Smith, Richard Joseph (1994), China's Cultural Heritage: The Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912, Westview Press, ISBN 978-0-8133-1347-4.
  • Spence, Jonathan (1997), God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31556-1.
  • Struve, Lynn A. (1968), Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-07553-3.
  • —— (2004), The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, Harvard University Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-01399-5.
  • Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2006), The culture of war in China: empire and the military under the Qing dynasty, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-159-5.
  • Woo, X.L. (2002), Empress dowager Cixi: China's last dynasty and the long reign of a formidable concubine: legends and lives during the declining days of the Qing dynasty, Algora Publishing, ISBN 978-1-892941-88-6.
  • Zhao, Gang (2013), The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3643-6.

HistoriograpiyaIgliwat

  • Newby, L.J. (2011), "China: Pax Manjurica", Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34 (4): 557–563, doi:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00454.x.
  • Ho, Ping-Ti (1967), "The Significance of the Ch'ing Period in Chinese History", The Journal of Asian Studies, 26 (2): 189–195, JSTOR 2051924.
  • —— (1998), "In Defense of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's 'Reenvisioning the Qing'", The Journal of Asian Studies, 57 (1): 123–155, JSTOR 2659026.
  • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1996), "Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History", The Journal of Asian Studies, 55 (4): 829–850, JSTOR 2646525.
  • Waley-Cohen, Joanna (2004), "The New Qing History", Radical History Review, 88 (1): 193–206, doi:10.1215/01636545-2004-88-193. A review essay on revisionist works.

Mga sumpay ha gawasIgliwat

An Wikimedia Commons mayda media nga nahahanungod han: Qing dynasty
Ginkuha tikang ha "https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinastiya_Qing&oldid=6333731"