Bulawan

An bulawan^[1] in usa ka elemento kimikal nga may-ada tigaman nga Au (tikang ha Linatin nga: aurum "bulawan") ngan ihap atomica nga 79. An bulawan in suok, mahumok, mainggat, napupukpok, ngan madali mahorma nga metal. Iton puro nga bulawan in malamrag nga darag it kolor ngan nainggat nga nahigaraan nga kinokonsidera nga nakakaanyag, ngan kaya maimentenar bisan diri naooxidizar ha hangin o tubig. Ha pagiging kimikal, an bulawan in usa ka transition metal ngan usa ha hugpo 11 nga elemento. Usa ini ha mga makuri magreak nga solido nga elemento kimikal. Usa ini nga ginkakaruyag nga metal ha paghimo hin mga alahas, skultur ngan rayandayan tikang-katikang hit kaagi.

Kasaysayan

Tribute-bearer na Indian sa Apadana, ginkuha tikang sa Achaemenid satrapy sa Hindush, nagbubuhat sin bulawan, sadton ca.500 BC.^[2]

An pinakauna na nihitala na metal na gingamit han katawhan an bulawan, na mahihiagian sa libot na puro o wara halo. May ada digto na kantindad sin bulawan na nahiagian san mga kweba sa Espana sadton late Paleolithic na panahon, c. 40,000 BC.^[3] An mga kagamitan na bulawan una naman nagkaguwa sa pagtikang san pre-dynastic period sa Egypt, sadton katangpusan san fifth millennium BC ngan pagtikang san ikaupat na millenium. An smelting o pagtunaw san bulawan nadevelop naman sadton 4th millennium; May ada liwat mga gamit na bulawan na nahiagian nagtitikang sa Lower Mesopotamia sadton 4th millennium.^[4] May ada pa liwat mga bulawan na gamit na nagtikang sa Balkans sadton 4th millennium BC, sugad san mga nahiagian sa Varna Necropolis harani san Lawa Varna sa Bulgaria, ngan gin'aanunganung san usa na source (La Niece 2009) na amo an pinakauna na "well-dated" na nahiagian na bulawan na gamit.^[5] San tuig 1990, an bulawan na gamit na nahiagian san kweba na sementeryo sa Nahal Qana sadton 4th millennium BC sa West Bank an pinakauna na nagtikang sa Levant.^[6] Mga bulawan na gamit sugad san golden hats ngan an Nebra disk nagtikang sa sentro san Europa sadton 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age.

Produksyon

San tuig 2017, An mga dumagko na produser san bulawan amo an; Tsina na may ada 455 tolinada, Australia, na magmina sin 270 tolinada, ngan sinusundan san Russia na may 250 tolinada.

Pinanbasaran

↑ Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 51.
↑ "Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). pp. 146. https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ.
↑ "History of Gold". Gold Digest. Ginkuhà 4 Pebrero 2007.
↑ Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff.
↑ La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 Disyembre 2009). Gold. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03590-4. https://books.google.com/?id=oAfITjcHiZ0C&printsec=frontcover. Ginkuhà 10 Abril 2012.
↑ Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4 August–October): 436–443. doi:10.1086/203868. JSTOR 2743275.

Padugang nga barasahon

Hart, Matthew, Gold : the race for the world’s most seductive metal", New York : Simon & Schuster, 2013. ISBN 9781451650020

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Iton Wikiquote mayda tinirok nga mga puplonganon, darahonon o ginyakan nga nahanunungod han/kan:

Bulawan

An Wikimedia Commons mayda media nga nahahanungod han: Bulawan

Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Gold www.rsc.org
Gold at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Getting Gold 1898 book Ginhipos 12 Hunyo 2016 han Wayback Machine, www.lateralscience.co.uk
Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold ada ha Wayback Machine (archived Marso 7, 2008), www.epa.gov
Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok Ginhipos 29 Oktubre 2012 han Wayback Machine, www.pniok.de
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)

[1] Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 51.

[CDA-2] "Furthermore the second member of Delegation XVIII is carrying four small but evidently heavy jars on a yoke, probably containing the gold dust which was the tribute paid by the Indians." in Iran, Délégation archéologique française en (1972). Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran. Institut français de recherches en Iran (section archéologique). pp. 146. https://books.google.com/books?id=itIRAQAAMAAJ.

[3] "History of Gold". Gold Digest. Ginkuhà 4 Pebrero 2007.

[4] Sutherland, C.H.V, Gold (London, Thames & Hudson, 1959) p 27 ff.

[La_Niece-5] La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 Disyembre 2009). Gold. Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-674-03590-4. https://books.google.com/?id=oAfITjcHiZ0C&printsec=frontcover. Ginkuhà 10 Abril 2012.

[Gopher,_Tsuk,_Shalev_and_Gophna-6] Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant". Current Anthropology. 31 (4 August–October): 436–443. doi:10.1086/203868. JSTOR 2743275.

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