↑ 2.02.12.22.32.42.5Nakamura, I. (1985) FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date., FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65 p.
↑Collette, B.B., J.R. McDowell and J.E. Graves (2006) Phylogeny of recent billfishes (Xiphioidei)., Bull. Mar. Sci. 79(3):455-468.
↑ 4.04.1Nakamura, I. (1990) Istiophoridae., p. 999-1007. In J. C. Quéro, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post, and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2.
↑ 5.05.1Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Ginkuhà 24 Septyembre 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
↑FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 14 Hunyo 2011