↑ 2.02.12.22.3Collette, B.B. (2003) Family Scombridae Rafinesque 1815 - mackerels, tunas, and bonitos., Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes (19):28.
↑ 3.03.13.23.33.43.53.63.73.8Collette, B.B. (1999) Mackerels, molecules, and morphology., p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris.
↑Afonso, P., F.M. Porteiro, R.S. Santos, J.P. Barreiros, J. Worms and P. Wirtz (1999) Coastal marine fishes of São Tomé Island (Gulf of Guinea)., Arquipélago 17(A):65-92.
↑ 5.05.1Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Ginkuhà 24 Septyembre 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
↑FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 14 Hunyo 2011