Papel

An papel ^[1] o suratan^[2] amo an manipis nga materyales nga puydi pagsuratan, igpatik ngan igputos. Himo ini tikang ha kahoy, durudilain na banwa o daan nga tela o trapo. An Papel, ug an paghimo han papel amo in ginsusugad na nagtikang ha tsina sadton 105 A.D.

Kasaysayan

pamputos na papel, Tsina, circa 100 BC.

An gidaani nga nahihibaruan na archaeological fragment na direkta na precursor san moderno na papel nagtitikang sa Tsina sadton 2nd century BC. An proseso san paghimo san papel pinaagi san pulp amo in ginsisering na imbento ni Cai Lun, usa na court eunuch sadton 2nd-century AD sa Han Dynasty.

Inabot sa Middle East ngan ngadto sa medieval Europe an papel sadton 13th century, kun diin gintindog naman an una na water-powered paper mill.^[3] [1] Ginhipos 2013-10-16 han Wayback Machine

Mga una na gintikangan san fibre

Antes an industriyalisasyon san paghimo san papel, an pinakomon na ginkukuhaan san fibre para mahimo an papel amo an recycled fibre tikang san mga nagamit-na na na tela ngan gintatawag na trapo. An trapo himo tikang han hemp, linen ngan gapas.^[4]. An proseso san pagtangal san tinta tikang sa recycled na papel amo in naimbento ni Justus Claproth, usa na aleman, sadton 1774.^[5]. Gintatawag ini na proceseso yana na deinking.

Pinanbasaran

↑ Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 275.
↑ Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 355.
↑ Burns 1996, pp. 417f.
↑ Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-952-5216-07-3. OCLC 247670296.
↑ Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-952-5216-07-3. OCLC 247670296.

Padugang nga barasahon

Alexander Monro, The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of the World's Greatest Invention, Allen Lane, 2014

Mga sumpay ha gawas

TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
How is paper made? Ginhipos 2008-05-26 han Wayback Machine at The Straight Dope, 22 November 2005
United States Government Printing Office: Government Paper Specification Standards Ginhipos 2008-06-02 han Wayback Machine
How Organic Paper is Made Ginhipos 2008-09-15 han Wayback Machine
Modern Paper Making Production System

[1] Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 275.

[2] Abuyen, Tomas A. Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 355.

[Burns_1996,_417f-3] Burns 1996, pp. 417f.

[4] Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-952-5216-07-3. OCLC 247670296.

[5] Göttsching, Lothar; Gullichsen, Johan; Pakarinen, Heikki; Paulapuro, Hannu; Yhdistys, Suomen Paperi-Insinöörien; Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (2000). Recycling fiber and deinking. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-952-5216-07-3. OCLC 247670296.

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