Nicolaus Copernicus

Hi Nicolaus Copernicus o Nicolás Copérnico (ha Pinolako: Mikołaj Kopernik; ha Inaleman: Nikolaus Kopernikus) (19 Pebrero 1473 – 24 Mayo 1543) amo an gisyasyahani nga astronomo nga nagpasamwak nga an adlaw amo an aada ha butnga han sistema solar. Hiya nagtipa han mga nabaruan han iya panahon nga an kalibutan amo an butnga han kalangitan.

Nicolaus Copernicus
Portrait, 1580, Toruń Old Town City Hall
Natawo	19 Pebrero 1473(1473-02-19) Thorn (Toruń), Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland
Namatay	24 Mayo 1543 (edad 70) Frauenburg (Frombork), Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland
Mga larangan	matematika, astronomiya, balaud kanoniko, medicine, economics
Alma mater	Kraków University Bologna University University of Padua University of Ferrara
Nakilala mahitungod han	Heliocentrism Copernicus' Law
Pirma

Padugang nga barasahon

• Armitage, Angus (1951). The World of Copernicus. New York, NY: Mentor Books. 
• Armitage, Angus (1990). Copernicus, the founder of modern astronomy. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-553-6. https://archive.org/details/copernicusfounde0000armi. 
• Bell, Eric Temple (1992) [1940]. The development of mathematics. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-27239-9. https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8. 
• Bieńkowska, Barbara (1973). The Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth, 1473–1973. Springer. ISBN 90-277-0353-1. 
• Marian Biskup (1973) (in Polish). Regesta Copernicana: (calendar of Copernicus' papers).. Ossolineum. 
• Martin Carrier (2001). Nikolaus Kopernikus. C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-47577-1. 
• Coyne, George V., S.J. (2005). The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth. In McMullin (2005, pp. 340–59). 
• Danielson, Dennis Richard (2006). The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1530-3. https://archive.org/details/firstcopernicang00dani. 
• Davies, Norman, God's Playground: A History of Poland, 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-04327-9.
• Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", Polski słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, Polish Academy of Sciences, 1969, pp. 3–16.
• Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1905]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York, NY: Dover Publications. http://www.archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft. 
• Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). 
• Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06662-6. https://archive.org/details/galileoaffair00uisi. 
• Gagné, Marc (2005). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro". West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Ginhipos tikang han orihinal han 30 Septyembre 2007. Ginkuhà 15 Enero 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))
• Pierre Gassendi; Olivier Thill (September 2002). The Life of Copernicus 1473–1543. Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-59160-193-7. 
• Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-01315-3. 
• Goddu, André (2010). Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18107-6. 
• Goodman, David C.; Russell, Colin A. (1991). The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500–1800. Hodder Arnold H&S. ISBN 0-340-55861-X. https://archive.org/details/riseofscientific0000unse_d7c7. 
• Heath, Sir Thomas (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus ; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes. London: Oxford University Press. http://www.archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft. 
• Alan W. Hirshfeld (1 Mayo 2002). Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-7133-7. 
• Heilbron, John L. (2005). Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo. In McMullin (2005, pp. 279–322). 
• Michael Hoskin (18 Marso 1999). The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57600-0. 
• Lonnie Johnson (28 Septyembre 1996). Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-802607-5. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716. 
• Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-00159-4.  Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London)
• Arthur Koestler (1968). The Sleepwalkers. Macmillan. 
• Koeppen, Hans et al. (1973). Nicolaus Copernicus zum 500. Geburtstag. Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-412-83573-0. 
• Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0504-1. 
• Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 535467. 
• Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. Cambridge University Press. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822.
• Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. 
• Carlo Malagola (1878). Della vita e delle opere di Antonio Urceo detto Codro: studi e ricerch. Fava e Garagnani. 
• Manetho; Ptolemy (1964) [1940]. Manetho Ptolemy Tetrabiblos. Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by W.G.Waddell and F.E.Robbins PhD. London: William Heinemann. 
• McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03483-4. 
• Miłosz, Czesław, The History of Polish Literature, second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969, ISBN 0-520-04477-0.
• Mizwa, Stephen, Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543–1943, Kessinger Publishing, 1943.
• Moore, Patrick (1994). The great astronomical revolution 1543–1687 and the Space Age epilogue. Albion. ISBN 978-1-898563-18-1. 
• Ptolemy, Claudius (1964) [1940]. Tetrabiblos. Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by F.E.Robbins PhD. London: William Heinemann. 
• Rabin, Sheila (2005). "Copernicus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2005 edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Ginkuhà 26 Mayo 2008.
• Repcheck, Jack (2007). Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8951-X. https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc. 
• Rosen, Edward (1995). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-071-X. https://archive.org/details/copernicushissuc0000rose. 
• Rosen, Edward (translator) (2004) [1939]. Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus (Second Edition, revised ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43605-5. 
• Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1997) [1991]. Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians. New York, NY: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95904-X. 
• The Review of the Polish Academy of Sciences. "Ossolineum", the Polish Academy of Sciences Press. 1973. 
• Josh Sakolsky (1 Oktubre 2004). Copernicus And Modern Astronomy. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-0305-1. 
• de Santillana, Giorgio (1976) [1955]. The Crime of Galileo. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73481-1. https://archive.org/details/crimeofgalileo0000unse. 
• Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4. https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl. 
• Barbara A. Somervill (1 Enero 2005). Nicolaus Copernicus: Father Of Modern Astronomy. Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7565-0812-8. 
• Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston. 
• Thoren, Victor E. (1990). The Lord of Uraniborg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35158-8.  (A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist Tycho Brahe.)
• Manfred Weissenbacher (September 2009). Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35626-1. 

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Primarya nga Kuruhaan

• Works by Nicolaus Copernicus at Project Gutenberg
• De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript Ginhipos 2005-07-28 han Wayback Machine – Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University
• (Pinolako) Polish translations of letters written by Copernicus in Latin or German Ginhipos 2015-10-18 han Wayback Machine
• Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Ginhipos 2013-07-21 han Wayback Machine High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus in .jpg and .tiff format.

Kasahiran

• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Nicolaus Copernicus", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
• Copernicus in Torun
• Nicolaus Copernicus Thorunensis by the Copernican Academic Portal
• Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork Ginhipos 2004-10-09 han Wayback Machine
• Portraits of Copernicus: Copernicus's face reconstructed; Portrait Ginhipos 2007-09-27 han Wayback Machine; Nicolaus Copernicus Ginhipos 2004-10-13 han Wayback Machine
• Copernicus and Astrology Ginhipos 2009-01-21 han Wayback Machine – Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
• 'Body of Copernicus' identified – BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull
• Copernicus and Astrology
• Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote. Ginhipos 2009-02-05 han Wayback Machine
• Parallax and the Earth's orbit [1]
• Copernicus's model for Mars [2]
• Retrograde Motion [3]
• Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [4]
• Geometry of Maximum Elongation [5]
• Copernican Model [6]
• Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus Ginhipos 2004-10-13 han Wayback Machine

Mahitungod han De Revolutionibus

• The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
• De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition – Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
• The front page of the De Revolutionibus Ginhipos 2006-06-18 han Wayback Machine
• The text of the De Revolutionibus Ginhipos 2015-03-06 han Wayback Machine
• A java applet about Retrograde Motion Ginhipos 2009-02-27 han Wayback Machine
• The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)
• Pastore Giovanni, Antikythera e i Regoli calcolatori, Rome, 2006, privately published

Legasiya

• (Initalyano) Copernicus in Bologna – in Italian
• Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read – Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. NPR
• Copernicus and his Revolutions – A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
• Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

Mga premyo

• Nicolaus Copernicus Prize, founded by the City of Kraków Ginhipos 2009-04-25 han Wayback Machine, awarded since 1995

Aleman-Polako nga pagburubligay

• (Ininggles) (Inaleman) (Pinolako) German-Polish "Copernicus Prize" awarded to German and Polish scientists (DFG website) (FNP website Ginhipos 2012-10-08 han Wayback Machine)
• (Ininggles) (Inaleman) (Pinolako) Büro Kopernikus – An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation
• (Inaleman) (Pinolako) German-Polish school project on Copernicus