↑Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray (1986) A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p.
↑McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae)., Copeia (2):271-290.
↑ 4.04.1Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.) (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Ginkuhà 24 Septyembre 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
↑FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 14 Hunyo 2011